Cone's Dale Experience and The Relationship with ICT

Dale’s cone of experience is a learning processes model developed by Edgar  Dale from his teaching experience and observation. According to the cone, the least effective method is at the top which from what we are read . By reading, the learners’ capability to remember is 10%, 20% by hearing,  30% by seeing, 50% by  seeing and watching. Those are create the abstract experiences. Furthermore, learners will retain 70% information of what they say and write. However, the most effective method is at the bottom which from what we are do and the retention is up to 90%.  Learners retain knowledge best when they are doing things directly which  allow them to get the direct or concrete  experience. Because from concrete experience, they will use all of their senses. So as a teacher, we must consider of this kind of thing that learners learn best by doing the direct experiences. At consequence, teacher should design activities in learning process in such a way  for students to get the  real-life experiences. Because of that, teacher can use ICT as a media to create a concrete experience in teaching and learning process for their student. ICT can facilitate a greater access to the real experiences for learning by using computer, internet, video, software and etc. For example: To teach pronunciation, teacher can provide a pronunciation video of native speaker to be watched by students  which  can be easily accessed and downloaded by using internet and it can be more real compare to teacher pronounce by her/him self.
   

The Distinction Between Cooperative and Collaborative Learning

Cooperative learning is a learning process of working together structured by teacher  to finish  the given task. The teacher designs and assigns group learning task, manages time and resources, and monitors students’ learning by see that students are on task and that the group process is working well. In cooperative learning, teacher is an expert on the subject and know the correct answer.  And at the end, the teacher  will produce a "right" or acceptable answer. Therefore, cooperative learning tends to be more teacher-centered. Cooperative learning may be appropriate for elementary student, junior high student.

Collaborative learning is a learning process where students work together to create knowledge which each member has their own understanding, or points of view and they will share together. The teacher’s responsibility is to become a member, along with students, of a community in search of knowledge. Collaborative learning can avoid having students become dependent on the teacher. Collaborative learning tend to be more student-centered.  Students have to be an autonomous learner. Collaborative learning is more appropriate for senior high students, and college students.